Microbiology Mnemonics Collection for Students

Collection of medical microbiology mnemonics for medical students including bacteriology, mycology , virology and parasitology.These are collected from various offline and online sources including text books.If you know any other microbiology  mnemonics please share via comments.

Don't forget to visit my other best posts in Mnemonics section. 

Flavivirus: Diseases caused

" W.D JOY "

West nile fever

Dengue

Japanese B encephaliis

Omsk hemorrhagic fever (OHF)

Yellow fever

Think: WeeDs of JOY!

Picorna viridae: members PEECoRnA (Picorna is
pronounced 'pee-corna')
Poliovirus
Echovirus
Enterovirus
Coronavirus
"R'novirus" (Rhinovirus)
Hepatitis A

Intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies

" BiG  HeN "

Bollinger bodies- Fowlpox [image:744 align=right width=200]

Guarineri bodies- Vaccinia/ variola

Henderson patterson bodies- Molluscum contagiosum

Negri bodies- Rabies

Vibrio cholerae: reactions

" COINS "

The biochemical reactions which help to differentiate vibrio cholera are

Catalase +ve

Oxidase +ve

Indole +ve

Nitrates reduced to nitrites and

Sucrose fermentation

Streptococcus pneumoniae: diseases caused COMPS:
Conjunctivitis
Otitis media
Meningitis
Pneumonia
Sinusitis

Influenza infection: clinical manifestations "Having
Flu Symptoms Can Make Moaning Children
A Nightmare":
Headache
Fever
Sore throat
Chills
Myalgias
Malaise
Cough
Anorexia
Nasal congestion

UTI-causing microorganisms KEEPS:
Klebsiella
Enterococcus faecalis/ Enterobacter cloacae
E. coli
Pseudomonas aeroginosa/ Proteus mirabilis
Staphylococcus saprophyticcus/ Serratia marcescens

Psedomonas aeruginosa: features AERUGINOSA:
Aerobic
Exotoxin A
Rod/ Resistance
UTIs, burns, injuries
Green-blue dressings
Iron-containing lesions
Negative gram
Odor of grapes
Slime capsule sometimes (in CF pt)
Adherin pili

Gram staining: mechanism "Murein gets the red out" [Allusion
to an old eye-wash slogan]:
Peptidoglycan (aka murein) remains purple during Gram staining. The Gram
negatives, devoid of murein, are red.
Thus, murein prevents redness and are purple (positive).

Entameoba histolytica: disease caused, action EntAmoeba
causes Amoebic dysEntery.
Action: histo (cell) lytic (burst), so it bursts cells.

Clostridium difficile: disease caused "Difficult to
be in a Closet with someone having explosive foul smelling
diarrhea, because it would smell and there would be no air in there.
Clostridium Difficile causes explosive foul smelling diarrhea
and is an anaeorbe (no air).

Pneumonia: acute pneumonia infiltrates from different causes
"Pyrogenic=PMN, Miscellaneous=Mononuclear":
Acute pneumonia caused by Pyogenic bacteria: PMN infiltrate.
Acute pneumonia caused by Miscellaneous microbes: Mononuclear
infiltrate.

Catalase positive organims SPACE:
Staphylococcus aureus
Pseudomonas
Aspergillus
Candida
Enterobacter

Urease positive organisms PUNCH:
Proteus (leads to alkaline urine)
Ureaplasma (renal calculi)
Nocardia
Cryptoccocus (the fungus)
Helicobacter pylori

Vaccines: types STARK:
Subunit
Toxoid
Attenuated [live]
Recombinant
Killed [inactivated]

AIDS pathogens (T-cell suppression) worth knowing "The
Major Pathogens Concerning Complete T-Cell
Collapse":
Toxoplasma gondii
M. avium intracellulare
Pneumocystis carinii
Candida albicans
Cryptococcus neoformans
Tuberculosis
CMV
Cryptosporidium parvum

Tetanus: treatment for infection SAD RAT:
Sedation
Antitoxin
Debridement
Relaxant
Antibiotic
Tracheostomy

Placenta-crossing organisms/ antenatal Infections STARCH:
Syphilis
Toxoplasmosis
AIDS (HIV)
Rubella
CMV
Herpes/ Hepatitis

Typhus: Epidemic Typhus: etiologic agent, vector ePidemic
typhus:
Etiological agent: Rickettsia Prowazekii.
Vector: Pediculus corporis (human body louse).
· This is in contrast to Endemic typhus.

Capsulated bacteria "Some Bacteria Have
An Effective Paste Surrounding Membrane Yielding
Pseudo Fort, Bypassing Killing":
Strep pneumonia
Bacteroides
H. influenza
Anthrax (B. anthracis)
E. coli
Pasteurella
Salmonella
Menigitidis (N. Menigitidis)
Yersinia pestis
Pseudomonas
Francisella
Brucella
Klebsiella

Hepatitis: transmission routes "Vowels are bowels":
Hepatitis A and E transmitted by fecal-oralroute.

Capsulated microbes "Some Nasty Killers
Have Some Capsule Protection":
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Neisseria meningitidis
Klebsiella pnemoniae
Haemophilus influenzae
Salmonella typhi
Cryptococcus neoformans
Pseudomanas aerigenosa

Pneumonia: causes: gram negative vs. gram positive Gram Negatives
(eg coliforms) are responsible mainly for Nosocomial pneumonia.
Gram positives (eg strep pneumonia, staph) are thus more responsible for
community acquired pneumonia.

Klebsiella details You tell the patient: "Get UPS you
fat alcoholic":
UTI
Pneumonia
Sepsis
Fat capsule
Get up=nonmotile since no flagella.
Alcoholic=commonly seen in alcoholicand nosocomial patients.

Pseudomonas details · See diagram of patient.
Patient: bug commonly infects nosocomial.
Oxygen tank: oxidase positive.
IV bag: has glucose and lactose, so its OK to give because its a nonlactose
fermenter.
Why giving oxygen? Because it commonly caused pneumonia.
IV in the arm: supposed to signify sepsis.
The foley: UTI.
Burn on his foot: can infect burns.

Leprosy: early signs diagnostic criteria "LEProsy":
Loss of sensation in affected skin/ Loss of function (paralysis)
Enlargement of affected superficial nerves (tender too)
Positive identification of M. leprae under microscope

Kidney transplant virus "Borrowed Kidney":
BKvirus is associated with kidney transplants.

Endotoxin features ENDOTOXIN:
Endothelial cells/ Edema
Negative (gram- bacteria)
DIC/ Death
Outer membrane
TNF
O-antigen
X-tremely heat stable
IL-1
Nitric oxide/ Neutrophil chemotaxis

Mycobacterium tuberculosis: culture identification "Rough,
Tough, Buff":
Rough: colony isn't smooth but rough like breadcrumbs.
Tough: colony stuck to plate well, and tough to remove.
Buff: buff is a color, a cream/coffee shade.

Vibrio: motility "Vibrio Vibrates":
Vibrio is a genus of actively motile bacteria.

Toxoplasma gondii: manifestations "My Cat Eats
Mice":
Mononucleosis-like illness
Chorioretinits/ Congenital infection
Encephalitis
Myocarditis

Chlamydia: elementary vs. initial body location Elementary:
Extracellular
Initial: Intracellular

Trypanosoma brucei: disease caused "I went on a TRYP
to AFRICA":
TRYPanosoma brucei causes AFRICAn sleeping sickness

RNA enveloped viruses FORT ABC, Puerto Rico:
Flavivirus/ Filo
Orthomyxo
Retro
Toga
Arena
Bunya
Corona
Paramyxo
Rhabdo

Teratogens: placenta-crossing organisms ToRCHeS:
Toxoplasma
Rubella
CMV
Herpes simplex, Herpes zoster (varicella), Hepatitis B,C,E
Syphilis
· Alternatively: TORCHES: with Others (parvo, listeria), add HIV
to H's, Enteroviruses.

E. coli: major subtypes, key point of each "HIT by E.
coli outbreak":
EnteroHemorrhagic:
· HUS from Hamburgers
EnteroInvasive:
· Immune-mediated Inflammation
EnteroToxigenic:
· Traveller's diarrhea

Obligate anaerobes: members worth knowing ABC:
Actinomyces
Bacteroides
Clostridium

Common cold: viral causes "Common cold (acute infectious
rhinitis, coryza) is PRIMArily caused by":
Paramyxoviruses
Rhinoviruses
Influenza viruses
Myxoviruses
Adenoviruses

Streptococcus pyogenes: diseases caused NIPPLES:
Necrotising fasciitis and myositis
Impetigo
Pharyngitis
Pneumonia
Lymphangitis
Erysipelas and cellulitis
Scarlet fever/ Streptococcal TSS

Picornavirus: features PICORNAvirus:
Positive sense
ICOsahedral
RNAvirus

Neisseria: fermentation of N. gonorrhoeae vs. N. meningitidis
Gonorrhoeae: Glucose fermenter only.
MeninGitidis: Maltose and Glucose fermenter.
· Maltose fermentation is a useful property to know, since it's the classic test
to distinguish the Neisseria types.

RNA viruses: negative stranded "Orthodox Rhabbi's
Party Around Fine Bunnies":
Orthomyxo
Rhabdo
Paramyxo
Arena
Filo
Bunya

RNA viruses: positive stranded "Pico Called 
Flavio To Return Renzo's Corona":
Picorna
Calici
Flavi
Toga
Retro
Reo
Corona

Endocarditis: lab results suggesting it "High Tech
Lab Results Point At Endocarditis":
Hematuria
Thrombocytopenia
Leukocytosis, -penia
Red blood cell casta
Proteinuria
Anemia
Elevated ESR

Endocarditis: causes of culture negative endocarditis "With
Negative Tests, Investigators Should Focus 
Attention Somewhere Meaningful":
Wrong diagnosis
Noninfectious endocarditis
Timing (cultures drawn at end of chronic course)
obligate Intracellular organisms
Slow growing fastidious organisms
Fungal infection
Antibiotic used previously
Subacute right-sided endocarditis
Mural endocarditis

Endocarditis: indications for surgery PUS RIVER:
Prosthetic valve endocarditis (most cases)
Uncontrolled infection
Supporative local complications with conduction abnormalities
Resection of mycotic aneurysm
Ineffective antimicrobial therapy (eg Vs fungi)
Valvular damage (significant)
Embolization (repeated systemic)
Refractory congestive heart failure

Meningitis: risk factors "Can Induce Severe
Attacks Of Head PAINS":
Cancer
Immunocompromised state
Sinusitis
Age extremes
Otitis
Head trauma
Parameningeal infection
Alcoholism
Infections (systemic, esp. respiratory)
Neurosurgical procedures
Splenectomy

HIV infection: high-risk groups HIV:
Homosexuals/ Hemophiliacs
IVdrug abusers

Trichomaniasis: features · 5 F's:
Flagella
Frothy discharge
Fishy odor (sometimes)
Fornication (STD)
Flagyl (metronidazole) Rx

Nematodes: ones spreading by egg ingestion "ATE eggs":
Ascaris Lumbricoides
Trichuris trichuira
Enterobius vermicularis
spread by ingestion of eggs (vs skin invasion or insect bite)

Food poisoning: bugs inducing "Eating Contaminated
Stuff Causes Very Big Smelly Vomit":
E. coli O157-H7 [undercooked meat, esp. hamburgers]
Clostridium botulinum [canned foods]
Salmonella [poultry, meat, eggs]
Vibrio parahaemolyticus [seafood]
Bacillus cereus [reheated rice]
Staphylococcus aureus [meats, mayo, custard]
Clostridium perfringens [reheated meat]
Vibrio vulnificus [seafood]

B19 virus: at-risk groups B19 affects 3 B's:
Babies (5th disease, infectiousum erythematosa)
Black Bleeders (sickle cell anemics - anaplastic anemic crisis)
Bearing Babies [pregnant women] (hydrops fetalis)

IgA protease-producing bacteria "Nice Strip of Ham":
Neisseria
Streptococcus pneumonia
Haemophilus influenza

Hemophilius: culture requirements Read Hemophilus as "HemoFive":
· Needs Heme with Factors Fiveand Ten.

DNA viruses: morphology rule of thumb DNA:
Double-stranded
Nuclear replication
'Anhedral symmetry
· Rule breakers: pox (cytoplasmic), parvo (single-stranded).

Streptococcus pyogenes: virulence factors SMASHED:
Streptolysins
M protein
Anti-C5a peptidase
Streptokinase
Hyaluronidase
Exotoxin
DNAses

Gram positive stain Gram Positives
Stain Purple (violet-blue)
because of their thick Peptidoglycan layer

Gram+: bacterial cell wall · Gram+ has:
+hick pepidoglycan layer.
+eichoic acid in wall.

Listeria: motility Istanbul sounds like Listambul =
list + tumble.
Listeria has tumblingmotility.

Staphylococci: novobiocin test to distinguish coagulase negative
staphylococci Staph epidermidis stays away from the novobiocin
disc like an epidemic.
· Therefore, epidermidis is sensitive to novobiocin.
Staph saprophyticus, much friendlier, comes up to the disc and says, "'sap?'"
[short for "whassup?", ie "what's up"].
· Therefore, saprophyticus is novobiocin resistant.

Acute post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis: classic presentation
"Sore throat, Face bloat, Pi$$ coke":
Sore throat: 1 week ago
Face bloat: facial edema
Pi$$ coke: coke-coloured urine
· Alternatively, short version: "Throat, bloat and coke".

Streptococci: classification by hemolytic ability Gamma:
Garbage (no hemolytic activity).
Alpha: Almost (almost lyse, but incomplete).
Beta: Best (complete lysis).

Streptococci: Quellung reaction: positive sign, Strep type confirmed
"Quell-lung":
Quell: Capsules swell [+ve test].
Lung: S. pnuemonia [type confirmed].
· You get pneumonia in your lung.

E. coli: diseases caused in presence of virulence factors 
DUNG:
Diarrhea
UTI
Neonatal meningitis
Gram negative sepsis
· Dung, since contract E. coli from dung-contaminated water.

Streptococcus pyrogenes: antibody SPAM:
Streptococcus Pyogenes: Antibody to Mprotein.

Staphylococcus aureus: diseases caused SOFT PAINS:
Skin infections
Osteomyelitis
Food poisoning
Toxic shock syndrome
Pneumonia
Acute endocarditis
Infective arthritis
Necrotizing fasciitis
Sepsis

Meningitis: most common organisms NHS:
Neisseria meningitidis
Hemophilus Influenzae
Streptococcus pneumonia
·The cause of the most Severe meningitis is Streptococcus.
· Note: NHS is an acronym for National Health Service in several countries.

Syphilis vs. H. ducreyi (chancroid): which ulcer is painful
"In du-crey-i, you do cry (because it is painful)":
In H. ducreyi, the ulcer is painful, in syphilis the ulcer is painless.

Diphtheria toxin properties ABCDEF:
A/B-type toxin. Made by
Corynebacterium diphtheriae, which binds to
EF-2 (elongation factor 2).

RNA viruses: negative stranded "Always Bring
Polymerase Or Fail Replication":
Arena
Bunya
Paramyxo
Orthomyxo
Filo
Rhabdo
Note: Negative RNA viruses need there own polymerase.

Don't forget to visit my other best posts in Mnemonics section. 

mediconet.blogspot.com
If you like this post please share.

Physiology Mnemonics Top Collection for Study Easy

Best collection of human physiology mnemonics online. These will make your studying of  basics in medicine more easy.These are collected from various offline and online sources including text books.If you know any other physiology mnemonics please share via comments.






Don't forget to visit my other best posts in Mnemonics section. 

Muscle spindle: origin of primary vs. secondary endings

 "1from 1, 2 from 2":
Primary ending is from Group Ia.
Secondary ending from Group II.

Neurotransmitters in Sleep

"SAND"

 Serotonin (initiates sleep)

Acetylcholine (ACh)

Norepinephrine

Dopamine (causes arousal from sleep, i.e., wakefulness))

Glucagon: actions

' LKG2'

Lipolysis

Ketogenesis

Glycogenolysis

Gluconeogenesis

Pituitary hormones FLAGTOP:
Follicle stimulating hormone
Lutinizing hormone
Adrenocorticotropin hormone
Growth hormone
Thyroid stimulating hormone
Oxytocin
Prolactin
Alternatively: GOAT FLAP with the second 'A' for Anti-diruetic
homone/vasopressin
· Note: there is also melanocyte secreting homone and Lipotropin, but they are
not well understood.

Adrenal cortex layers and products "Go Find 
Rex, Make Good Sex":
· Layers:
Glomerulosa
Fasiculata
Reticulata
· Respective products:
Mineralcorticoids
Glucocorticoids
Sex hormones
· Alternatively for layers: GFR (Glomerular Filtration Rate, convenient
since adrenal glands are atop kidney).

Closure sequence of Heart valves

"Many Things Are Possible":

Mitral

Tricuspid

Aortic

Pulmonary

Balance organs Utricle and Saccule keep US
balanced.

VO2 normal value is 250 mL/min "V02" is the numbers,
just need to rearrange the order.
V is roman numeral for 5, so rearrange to 2V0, or 250mL/min.

PGI2 vs. TxA2 coagulation function TxA2 Aggregates
platelets.
PGI2 Inhibits aggregation.
· Note: full name of PGI2 is prostaglandin I2 or prostacyclin, full name of TxA2
is thromboxane A2.

Einthoven's Triangle: organization Corners are at RA (right
arm), LA (left arm), LL (left leg).
Number of L's at a corner tell how many + signs are at that corner [eg LL
is ++].
Sum of number of L's of any 2 corners tells the name of the lead [eg LL-LA
is lead III].
For reference axes, the negative angle hemisphere is on the half of the
triangle drawing that has all the negative signs; positive angle
hemisphere contains only positive signs.

Adrenal cortex layers and products "Great Attire
And Fast Cars Are Really Sexy Attributes":
Granulosa secretes Aldosterone in response to Angiotensin
II.
Fasiculata secretes Cortisol in response to ACTH.
Reticularis secretes Sex steroids in response to ACTH.

Adrenal cortex layers and products "Get My 
Freakin' Gun Right Away":
Glomerulosa: Mineralcorticoid (aldosterone)
Fasiculata: Glucocorticoid (cortisol)
Reticularis: Androgens

Heart electrical conduction pathway "If patient's family are
all having Heart attacks, you must SAVe HIS KIN!"
SA node --->
AV node --->
His (bundle of) -->
PurKINje fibers

Cochlea: inner vs. outer hair cell function "Outer
cells are Out of the brain. Inner cells are Into the
brain":
Outer hair cells are motor efferents to amplify signal.
Inner hair cells are sensory afferents that actually pick up the sound.

Nervous stimulus: the 4 ways to classify "A MILD
stimulus":
Modality
Intensity
Location
Duration

Heart: -tropic definitions Lusitropic: loose
is relaxed. Definition: relax heart.
Inotropic: when heart wall contracts, moves inward.
Definition: contract heart.
Chronotropic: 'chrono-' means 'time'. Defintion: heart rate (of SA node
impulses).
Dromotropic: only one left, it must be conduction speed by default.

Osteoblast vs. osteoclast OsteoBlast Builds
bone.
OsteoClast Consumes bone.

Heart valves: closure sequence "Many Things 
Are Possible":
Mitral, Tricuspid, Aortic, Pulmonic

Oestrogen: functions OESTROGEN SUX:
Organ development (sex organs)
Endocrine: FSH and LH regulation
Secondary sex characteristics development
Tropic for pregnancy
Receptor synthesis (of progesterone, oestrogen, LH)
Osteoporosis decrease (inhibits bone reabsorption)
Granulosa cell development
Endocrine: increases prolactin secretion, but then blocks its effect
Nipple development
Sex drive increase
Uterine contractility increase
oXytocin sensitivity increase

Electrical conductivity of tissues "Be Careful
To Shock My Best Nerve":
In order of least conductive to most conductive:
Bones
Cartilage
Tendon
Skin
Muscle
Blood
Nerve

Prolactin and oxytocin: functions PROlactin
stimulates the mammary glands to PROduce milk.
Oxytocin stimulates the mammary glands to Ooze (release) milk.

Gut intrinsic innervation: myenteric plexus vs. submucosal plexus
function Myenteric: Motility.
Submucosal: Secretion and blood flow.

V/Q gradient in lung Infinity, a lung and a zero stack
nicely.
V/Q is lowest at bottom, highest at top.

Prostaglandins: dilatation abilities Prospectors keep
mineshafts open:
Mineshaft 1: Patent ductus ateriosus.
Mineshaft 2: renal afferent arteriole dilatation.

Hyperthyroidism: signs and symptoms THYROIDISM:
Tremor
Heart rate up
Yawning [fatigability]
Restlessness
Oligomenorrhea & amenorrhea
Intolerance to heat
Diarrhea
Irritability
Sweating
Musle wasting & weight loss

Skin vasoconstriction and temperature When the skin needs to
CONServe heat, the
blood vessels of the skin CONStrict.
When the skin is COld, the blood
vessels of the skin COnstrict.

Vitamin D: site of conversion Vitamin D is made in
the Dermis

Fluid compartments: volumes 12345:
12 liters of interstitial fluid
3 liters plasma volume and 30 liters inside cells
45liters total body water

Potassium: causes of potassium leaving cells A$$E$
Acidosis: H+ ions move in.
Starvation: catabolism of cells.
Stress: catabolism of cells (postoperative).
Exercise: catabolism of cells.
Sodium chloride lost: K+ replaces it and is then excreted.

Heart valves: placement of valves on standard heart anterior view
"Try before you Buy": When read across the page, the tricuspid
valve comes before the bicuspid valve.
Also, the lunar valves are near the top (in the sky), like the moon.

Aldosterone: regulation of secretion from adrenal cortex 
RNAs
Renin-angiotensin m echanism
Na concentraton in blood
ANP (atrial natriuretic peptide)
Stress

LH vs FSH: function in male LH: Leydig cells
stimulated to produce testosterone.
FSH: Spermatogenesis stimulated.

Alkalosis vs. acidosis: directions of pH and HCO3 ROME:
Respiratory= Opposite:
· pH is high, PCO2 is down (Alkalosis).
· pH is low, PCO2 is up (Acidosis).
Metabolic= Equal:
· pH is high, HCO3 is high (Alkalosis).
· pH is low, HCO3 is low (Acidosis).

Adrenal gland: functions ACTH:
Adrenergic functions
Catabolism of proteins/ Carbohydrate metabolism
T cell immunomodulation
Hyper/ Hypotension (blood pressure control)

MAO isoenzyme form locations · MAO-A in:
Adrenergic peripheral structures
Alimentary mucosa [intestine]
· MAO-B in:
Brain
Blood platelets

Carotid sinus vs. carotid body function carotid SinuS:
measures preSSure.
carotid bO2dy measures O2.

Hemoglobin and myoglobin: binding strengths, sites "ABC"
of glycosylated Hb (Hb1c):
· Glucose binds to Amino terminal of Beta Chain.
"HbF binds Forcefully":
· HbF binds oxygen more forcefully than HbA, so Oxy-Hb dissociation curve shifts
to left.
Stored blood is SOS:
· Stored blood Hb binds to Oxygen Strongly because of
decrease in 2,3 BPG.
2,3 BPG binding site is BBC:
· BPG binds to Beta Chain of Hb.
Myoglobin binding strength is MOM:
· Myoglobin binds Oxygen More strongly than Hb.

Pepsin-producing cells "Chief of Pepsi-Cola":
· Chief cells of stomach produce Pepsin.

Hb-oxygen dissociation curve shifts: effect, location Left
shift: causes Loading of O2 in Lungs.
Right shift: causes Release of O2 from Hb.

Rods vs. cone function RoD: Dim light.
Cones: Color.

Pituitary: anterior hypophysis hormones FLATPiG:
FSH
LH
ACTH
TSH
Prolactin
ignore GH

Heart valves: sequence of flow TRIPS BIAS:
TRIcuspid
Pulmonary
Semilunar
BIcuspid
Aortic
Semilunar
Alternatively: "TRIPS, MI ASs!" (uses MItral instead of BIcuspid)

Adrenal cortex layers and products "Get your Facts
Right, Men are Glued to their Gonads":
Glomerulosa
Fasciculata
Reticularis
Mineralocorticoids
Glucocorticoids
Gonadocorticoids [androgens]

Intrinsic vs. extrinsic pathway tests "PeT PiTTbull":
PeT: PT is for extrinsic pathway.
PiTTbull: PTT is for intrinsic pathway.

Compliance of lungs factors COMPLIANCE:
Collagen deposition (fibrosis)
Ossification of costal cartilages
Major obesity
Pulmonary venous congestion
Lung size
Increased expanding pressure
Age
No surfactant
Chest wall scarring
Emphysema
· All but L/A/E decrease compliance.

Diabetes Insipidous: diagnosing subtypes After a
desmopression injection:
Concentrated urine = Cranial.
No effect = Nephrogenic.

Progesterone: actions PROGESTE:
Produce cervical mucous
Relax uterine smooth muscle
Oxycotin sensitivity down
Gonadotropin [FSH, LH] secretions down
Endometrial spiral arteries and secretions up
Sustain pregnancy
Temperature up / Tit development
Excitability of myometrium down

Oxytocin-producing nucleus of hypothalamus Paraventricular
nucleus--> Parturition (childbirth is oxytocin's most important role).

Temperature control: cerebral regions "High Power
Air Conditioner":
Heating = Posterior hipothalamo [hypothalamus].
Anterior hipothalamo [hypothalamus] = Cooling.

Don't forget to visit my other best posts in Mnemonics section. 
mediconet.blogspot.com
If you like this post please share.

Biochemistry Mnemonics for Medical Students

This is part of my mnemonics series.In this post I am sharing collection of best medical biochemistry mnemonics including amino acid mnemonics .These mnemonics are collected from various offline and online sources including text books.If you know any other biochemistry  mnemonics please share via comments.


Don't forget to visit my other best posts in Mnemonics section. 

Functions of Glutathione

"T. M.E.D.I.C.S"

Transport of amino acids

Methemoglobin reduction

Erythrocyte homeostasis (inactivation of free radicals inside RBC)

Detoxification of organophosphorus, halogenated or nitrogenous compounds

Insulin Inactivation

Coenzyme in Reduction reactions

Scavanger of toxic substances



Essential amino acids PVT. TIM HALL:
Phe
Val
Thr
Trp
Ile
Met
His
Arg
Leu
Lys
· Pvt. is short for Private in the military.
· Arg and His are considered semiessential.
· Alternatively: "MATT VIL PHLy".

Catabolism steps of branched chain amino acids "Truck
hit the Ox to Death":
Transamination
Oxidative decarboxylation
Dehydrogenation

Fasting state: branched-chain amino acids used by skeletal muscles
"Muscles LIVe fast":
Leucine
Isoleucine
Valine

Creatine phosphate: amino acid precursors "Nice GAMs!":
Glycine
Arginine
Methionine
· Gam is slang for a person's leg, especiallay an attractive female's leg: "Nice
gams = nice legs!"

TCA cycle substrates

"Citrate Is Krebs' Starting Substrate For Making Oxaloacetate"

Citrate, Isocitrate, alpha-Ketoglutarate, Succinyl-CoA, Succinate, Fumarate, Malate, Oxaloacetate

Trinucleotide repeat disorders"Try hunting for my fried eggs"

Trinucleotide:

Huntington's (CAG)

MyoTonic dystrophy (CTG)

Friedrich's Ataxia (GAA)

fraGile X syndrome (CGG)

Start and stop codonsAUG inAUGurates transcription

UGA = U Go Away

UAA = U Are Away

UAG = U Are Gone

Fabry disease: presentation FABRY:
Ferile episodes
Angiokeratomas/ Alpha galactosidase A deficiency
Burning pain
Renal failure
Youth death

Glycolysis enzymes "High Profile People
Act Too Glamorous, Picture Posing Every
Place":
Hexokinase
Phosphoglucose isomerase
Phosphofructokinase (PFK)
Aldase A
Triose phosphate isomerase
Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase
Phosphoglycerate mutase
Enolase
Pyruvate kinase

Porphyrias: acute intermittent porphyria symptoms 5 P's:
Pain in abdomen
Polyneuropathy
Psychologial abnormalities
Pink urine
Precipitated by drugs (eg barbiturates, oral contraceptives, sulpha
drugs)

BUN:creatinine elevation: causes ABCD:
Azotremia (pre-renal)
Bleeding (GI)
Catabolic status
Diet (high protein parenteral nutrition)

G6PD: oxidant drugs inducing hemolytic anemia AAA:
Antibiotic (eg: sufamethoxazole)
Antimalarial (eg: primaquine)
Antipyretics (eg: acetanilid, but not aspirin or acetaminophen)

Vitamin B3 (niacin, nicotinic acid) deficiency: pellagra The
3 D's of pellagra:
Dermatitis
Diarrhea
Dementia
· Note vitamin B3 is the 3D's.

Glycogen storage: Anderson's (IV) vs. Cori's (III) enzyme defect
ABCD:
Anderson's=Branching enzyme.
Cori's=Debranching enzyme.
· Otherwise, can't really distinguish clinically.

Benzene ring: effects of substituents on further additions
"Benzene likes to ROMP. We HOPED she's be safe, but now she's
knocked up. ADOPt or WEDD'M?":
ROMP: Substituents in order: R-group, Ortho, Meta,
Para.
HOPED: Halogens are Ortho, Para, Electron
withdrawing, Deactivating.
ADOPt: Addititive substituents Direct Ortho & Para.
WEDD'M: Withdrawing Electrons Deactivates, Directs
Meta.

Cathode: what happens during electrolysis Current 
Carries Cations to the Cathode for reduCtion.

Cis/trans (geometric) isomer nomenclature The letter "Z" is
written in a zigzag way. If you draw a vertical line splitting it down the
middle then its the same halves (same sides of double bond). The letter "E" is
written differently so a vertical line splits it into different halves
(different sides of double bond).

Cis/trans (geometric) isomers: arrangement of functional groups
Cis starts with a C and the functional groups form a C.
Trans, therefore is the other one by default.

Pompe's disease: type "Police = Po + lys":
Pompe's disease is a lysosomal storage disease (alpha 1,4
glucosidase).

Golgi complex: functions "Golgi Distributes A SPAM":
Distributes proteins and lipids from ER
Add mannose onto specific lysosome proteins
Sulfation of sugars and slected tyrosine
Proteoglycan assembly
Add O-oligosugars to serine and threnonine
Modify N-ologosugars on asparagine

Dicarboxylic acids (alpha, omega) C2 through C10: common names
"Oh My, Such Good Apple Pie, Sweet
As Sugar!":
Oxalic
Malonic
Succinic
Glutaric
Adipic
Pimelic
Suberic
Azelaic
Sebacic

Phosphorylation cascade: action during low glucose "In the
Phasted State, Phosphorylate":
The phosphorylation cascade becomes active when blood glucose is low.

tRNA: molecular shape Fortunately, tRNA (Transfer
RNA) is shaped like a capital T.

Vitamins: which are fat soluble KADE:
Vitamin K
Vitamin A
Vitamin D
Vitamin E

Na/K pump: concentrations of Na vs. K on inside/outside of cell, pump
action, number of molecules moved HIKIN':
There is a HIgh K concentration INside the cell.
From this can deduce that the Na/K pump pumps K into cell and Na out of cell.
Alternatively: When I was learning this pump (circa 1992), a band that was "in"
was Kris Kross, and a band that was "out" was "Sha Na Na
Na":
So pump moves K K (2 K) in and Na Na Na (3 Na) out.
· Sadly, as infectious as their debut album was, Kris Kross can really no longer
be classed as "in".

Insulin: function INsulIN stimulates 2
things to go
IN 2cells: Potassium and Glucose.

Glycolysis steps "Goodness Gracious, Father
Franklin Did Go By Picking Pumpkins
(to) Prepare Pies":
Glucose
Glucose-6-P
Fructose-6-P
Fructose-1,6-diP
Dihydroxyacetone-P
Glyceraldehyde-P
1,3-Biphosphoglycerate
3-Phosphoglycerate
2-Phosphoglycerate (to)
Phosphoenolpyruvate [PEP]
Pyruvate
· 'Did', 'By' and 'Pies' tell you the first part of those three: di-, bi-, and
py-.
· 'PrEPare' tells location of PEP in the process.

Citric acid cycle compounds "Oh Citric Acid
Is Of (course) A SiLly STupid Funny
Molecule":
Oxaloacetate
Citrate
Aconitate
Isocitrate
Oxalosuccinate
Alpha-ketoglutarate
SuccinyL-CoA
SuccinaTe
Fumarate
Malate
· SilLy and sTupid used to differentiate succinyL and succinaTe

Essential amino acids "PVT. TIM HALL always argues,
never tires":
Phe
Val
Thr
Trp
Ile
Met
His
Arg
Lue
Lys
· Always argues: the A is for Arg, not Asp.
· 'Never tires': T is not Tyr, but is both Thr and Trp.

Orbital names before alphabetical order begins "Sober
People Don't Find Good In Killing":
Orbital names for electrons are S,P,D,F,G,I,K.
After that, alphabetical order begins.

Oxidation vs. reduction: electron gain/loss "LEO the
lion says GER":
Lose Electrons = Oxidation.
Gain Electrons = Reduction.

Benzene ring: order of substituents Meta: the two
sticks representing functional groups make a capital letter M with the
ring.
Otho: can close the top of the functional groups and make a boxy capital
letter O.

Cis/trans (geometric) isomer nomenclature "Zame Zide.
Epposite.":
Z is the 2 functional groups on the same side of double bond.
E is for opposite sides.

Oxidation vs. reduction: electron gain/loss OIL RIG:
Oxidation Is Loss (of electrons).
Reduction Is Gain (of electrons).

Cation vs. anion: positive vs. negative The t in cation
looks like a plus sign: "ca+ion".
Cation is positive, anion is negative.

Oxidation vs. reduction: electrochemical cell and electron gain/loss
AN OIL RIG CAT:
At the ANode, Oxidation Involves Loss of electrons.
Reduction Involves Gaining electrons at the CAThode.

Gibb's free energy formula "Good Honey Tastes
Sweet":
(delta)G = H - T(delta)S

Anion vs. cation charge ANion is A Negative
ion.

Benzene ring: order of substituents "Benzene likes to 
ROMP":
· From R group moving around the ring:
R group
Ortho
Meta
Para

B vitamin names "The Rhythm Nearly Proved
Contagious":
· In increasing order:
Thiamine (B1)
Riboflavin (B2)
Niacin (B3)
Pyridoxine (B6)
Cobalamin (B12)

Hunter's syndrome

"Hunter's are aggressive, clear-sighted, and shoot for the X"

 Mild Hurler's syndrome (gargoylism, developmental delay, airway obstruction) with aggressive behavior and without corneal clouding; XLR  Deficiency in Iduronate sulfatase

Testosterone conversion to DiHydroTestosterone
Dihydrotestosterone is an active form of testosterone. Its conversion needs an
enzyme :
Five
Alpha
Reductase
· This reaction occurs in the peripheral ("FAR") tissue such as adipose
tissue.

DKA: signs DKA:
Dehydrated
Ketones/ Kussmaul breathing/ K drops
Acidosis

Amino acids: properties · Sung to the Beverly Hillbillies
melody:

Come an' listen to my story about the a-mi-nos
Five Al-i-phats kick off our show
Glycine, Alanine, Valine and then
Leucine and Iso make up half of ten

Well the next thing you know are three aromats
phenylalanine(F) is right off the bat
tYrosine has alcohol next to its ring
And tryptophan(W) has indole double ring thing.

Sulfur in Cysteine; it loves to bond
Sulfur Methionine is much more a snob
Alcoholic Serine, well wouldn't you know,
And Threonine's OH gives a warm glow.

Acid-aspartic(D) and glutamic(E) are ionized
With pK of 4, their protons are lysed,
asparagine(N) and glutamine(Q) play a different role
With amides they're neutral but they both have poles

lysine(K) and aRginine are the basic kind,
But Histidine's imidazole can't make up its mind,
Proline, the last one, coming at the end
It's imine, an oddball, proteins use to bend.

Phenylketonuria: which enzyme is deficient PHenylketonuria
is caused by a deficiency of:
Phenylalanine
Hydroxylase

Malate-aspartate shuttle "MAD commute":
Malate in.
Alpha-ketoglutarate and D(Aspartate) out.

DNA bond strength (nucleotides) "Crazy Glue":
Strongest bonds are between Cytosine and Guanine, strong like Crazy
Glue (3 H-bonds), whereas the A=T only have 2 H-bonds.
· This is relevant to DNA replication, as the weaker A=T will be the site where
RNA primer makes the initial break.

Enzyme kinetics: competitive vs. non-competitive inhibition
With Kompetitive inhibition: Km increases; no change in Vmax.
With Non-kompetitive inhibition: No change in Km; 
Vmax decreases.

Sickle cell anemia: mutation "HbS isn't Very
Good":
At Sixth position of HB beta chain, Valine is present instead of
Glutamic acid.

Hyperglycemia: 3 classic signs and symptoms DKA:
Dehydrated
Ketoacidosis
Acetone breath

Vitamins: which are fat soluble "The FAT cat is in
the ADEK (attic)":
Fat soluble vitamins are A,D,E,K.

Citric acid cycle compounds "Oh! Can I
Keep Some Succinate For Myself?":
Oxaloacetate
Citrate
Isocitrate
Ketoglutarate
Succinyl coA
Succinate
Fumarate
Malate

Na/K pump action (Sing loudly to the chorus of "Kiss Him
Goodbye"): "Na, Na, Na -- out! Na, Na,
Na -- out! K, K goes...inside!"
Action of pump is 3 Na out and 2 K in

AcetylCoA and acetacetylCoA: amino acids forming them "A
Lighter Lease" (A LyTr LeIs):
A=AcetylCoA or Acetoacetyl CoA
Ly=Lysine
Tr=Tryptophan
Le=Leucine
Is=Isoleucine

Van den Bergh reaction (Jaundice test) "Indirect
reacting bilirubin = Unconjugated bilirubin":
Both start with vowels, so they go together: Indirect & Unconjugated.

Type 1 glycogen storage disease Type 1 = one (Von),
ie Von Giereke's disease

Enzymes: competitive inhibitors "Competition is hard
because we have to travel more kilometers (Km) with the same velocity":
With competitive inhibitors, velocity remains same but Km
increases

Fabry's disease FABRY'S:
Foam cells found in glomeruli and tubules/ Febrile episodes
Alpha galactosidase A deficiency/ Angiokeratomas
Burning pain in extremities/ BUN increased in serum/ Boys
Renal failure
YX genotype (male, X linked recessive)
Sphingolipidoses

Collagen concisely covered COLLAGEN:
C-terminal propeptide (procollagen)/ Covalent Cross links/
C vitamin/ Connective tissue/ Cartilage/ Chondroblasts/
Copper Cofactor (Covalent Cross linking)
Outside the cell is where collagen normally functions/ Osteoblasts/
Osteogenesis imperfecta
Lysyl hydroxylase/ Lysyl oxidase (oxidatively deaminates lysyl and
hydroxylysyl residues to form collagen cross links, last biosynthesis step)
Long triple helical fibers/ Ligaments
Alpha chains/ Attached by H bonds form triple helix/ Ascorbate
for hydroxylation of lysyl and prolyl residues of pro-Alpha chains (postranslational
modification)
Gly in every third position/ Glycosylation of hydroxyl group of
hydroxylysine with Glucose and Galactose; GOlgi allows
procollagen to GO outside of cell
Extracellular matrix/ Eye (cornea, sclera)/ Ehlers-Danlos
Syndrome
N-terminal propeptide (procollagen)/ Nonhelical terminal
extensions
· Note: Procollagen LEAVEs the cell to be cLEAVEd by procollagen peptidases

Metabolism sites "Use both arms to HUG":
Heme synthesis
Urea cycle
Gluconeogenesis
· These reactions occur in bothcytoplasm and mitochondria.

Mitochondrial DNA (mt DNA) properties "mt DNA".
mt stands for:
Maternal Transfer
Mutates Tremendously (high mutation rate)

Carbon monoxide: electron transport chain target "CO blocks
CO":
Carbon monoxide (CO) blocks Cytochrome Oxidase (CO)

Electron transport chain: Rotenone's site of action Rotenone
is a site specific inhibitor of complex one.

Adrenaline mechanism "ABC of Adrenaline":
Adrenaline--> activates Beta receptors--> increases Cyclic
AMP

Citric acid cycle compounds "Can I Keep
Selling Sex For Money, Officer?":
Citrate
Isocitrate
alpha Ketogluterate
Succinyl CoA
Succinate
Fumerate
Malate
Oxaloacetate

Sickle cell disease pathophysiology SICKle cell
disease is due to a Substitution of the SICKsth amino acid of the
B chain.

Glucagon function "Mr. Gluca has Gone to the
cAMP to bring out some Glucose":
· Glucagon elevates glucose by cAMP mechanism.

Acids: Lewis acid vs. Bronsted acid BAD LATE:
BAD: Bronsted Acid Donates hydrogens
LATE: Lewis Acid Takes Electrons

Tangier's disease: hallmark "Tangierene tonsils":
Hallmark is large orange tonsils.
· Important clinical note: there is no increased risk of atherosclerosis,
just like eating tangerenes.

Na+/K+ pump: movement of ions and quantity K+ and 
in each consist of 2 characters, so so 2 K+ are pumped in.
Na+ and out each consist of 3 characters, so 3 Na+ are
pumped out.

Hemoglobin binding curve: causes of shift to right "CADET,
face right!":
CO2
Acid
2,3-DPG (aka 2,3 BPG)
Exercise
Temperature

Coagulation common pathway: factors in order 10 + 5 - 2 =
13
Coagulation common pathway:
Factor X to Factor V to Factor II to Factor XIII

Vitamin K dependent cofactors "Several Tend 
To Nicely Stop Clots":
Factor Seven, Ten, Two, Nine.
Protein S, Protein C.

G protein type for respective receptors "KISS and 
KICK till you're SICK of SEX" (QISS and QIQ till you're SIQ of
SQS):
· This gives the G-protein type (Gq, Gi, or Gs) for all the
receptors. Receptors are in alphabetical order:
alpha1=Q
alpha2=I
beta1=S
beta3=S
M1=Q
M2=I
M3=Q
D1=S
D2=I
H1=Q
H2=S
V1=Q
V2=S

Folate deficiency: causes A FOLIC DROP:
Alcoholism
Folic acid antagonists
Oral contraceptives
Low dietary intake
Infection with Giardia
Celiac sprue
Dilatin
Relative folate deficiency
Old
Pregnant

Niacin deficiency: signs and symptoms The famous 4 D's:
Diarrhoea
Dermatitis
Dementia
Death (if untreated)

Citric acid cycle compounds "Our City Is
Kept Safe And Sound From Malice":
Oxaloacetate
Citrate
Isocitrate
alpha-Ketoglutarate
Succinyl-CoA
Succinate
Fumarate
Malate

Galactosaemia: enzyme deficiency GALIPUT:
Galactose 1 Phosphate Uridyl Transferase.
· There is an assay called the Galiput test for this.

Metabolic acidosis (normal anion-gap): causes · With
hyperkalemia: RAISE K+:
RTA type 4
Aldosterone or mineralocorticord deficiency
Iatrogenic: NH4Cl, HCl
"Stenosis": obstructive uropathy
Early uremia
· With hypokalemia: ReDUCE K+:
Renal TA type 1 and 2
Diarrhoea
Urine diversion into gut
Carbonate anhydrase inhibitor
Ex-hyperventilation

Nitric oxide: amino acid precursor When the dentist works on
your teeth, you say, "AAArg! (Arginine)" before he administers Nitric
Oxide (NO) to take the pain away.
· Other players necessary for NO synthesis: NO synthase, Ca++, NADPH.

Heme synthesis: amino acid precursors to basic unit of porphyrins,
heme (pyrrole ring) "Dracula wants to Suck a Co-ed's
blood [think heme] with his Glystening teeth!":
Succinyl CoA and Glycine are precursor amino acids to pyrrole
rings, which is the basic unit of porphyrins and heme.

Enzymes: classification "Over The HILL":
Oxidoreductases
Transferases
Hydrolases
Isomerases
Ligases
Lyases

Infantile Beriberi symptoms Restlessness
Sleeplessness
Breathlessness
Soundlessness (aphonia)
Eatlessness (anorexia)
Great heartedness (dilated heart)
· Alternatively: Get 5 of 'em with BERI: Breathless/ Big
hearted, Eatless, Restless, Insomnia.

Hypervitaminosis A: signs and symptoms "Increased Vitamin A
makes you HARD":
Headache/ Hepatomegaly
Anorexia/ Alopecia
Really painful bones
Dry skin/ Drowsiness

Don't forget to visit my other best posts in Mnemonics section. 

mediconet.blogspot.com
If you like this post please share.